Online Visual Calculus Tutors

Online Visual Calculus Tutors Calculus is a very important section in mathematics which analyzes the behavior of different functions and with the help of the concepts in calculus; we can evaluate the values of the functions in different cases. Visual Calculus is a method of solving complex functions by using a visual approach and we can get the solutions of the functions using simple techniques. In order to find the area covered under the graph, we can easily use the method of integration and find the area covered from one point to another point. Example 1: Find the area covered by the curve y = x2 and the X-axis(y = 0) between x = 0 and x = 2. To find the area covered under the curve, we find the integral of the functions. xn dx= x(n+1)/ (n+1) (x2 0)dx = x2+1/(2 + 1)= x3/3 First substitute x = 0 and x= 2 in the above answer. When x= 0, f(x) dx= 03/3= 0 When x=2, f(x)dx= 23/3= 8/3 8/3 - 0= 8/3units2 Hence the area covered between x= 0 and x= 2 is 8/3units2 Example 2: Find the area covered by the curve y = x3 and the X-axis(y = 0) between x = 0 and x = 2. To find the area covered under the curve, we find the integral of the functions. xn dx= x(n+1)/ (n+1) (x3 0)dx = x3+1/(3 + 1)= x4/4 First substitute x = 0 and x= 2 in the above answer. When x= 0, f(x) dx= 04/4= 0 When x=2, f(x)dx= 24/4= 4 4 - 0= 4units2 Hence the area covered between x= 0 and x= 2 is 4units2

Learn How to Write Cantonese.

Learn How to Write Cantonese. Info on How to Learn and Practice Your Written Cantonese. ChaptersLearning to Write in Cantonese is Worth All the Effort.Some Notes Before You Learn How to Write in Cantonese.How to Write in Cantonese.Memorizing Cantonese Characters.You’d be amazed by how many times tutors of Cantonese hear the words, ‘oh but it’s impossible to write in Cantonese!’ â€" or words to that effect.It’s an incredibly common sentiment, that seems to distinguish learners of the Chinese languages â€" Mandarin and Cantonese, along with many more â€" from those of other languages. Learners from the western world at least.And whilst it’s a common sentiment â€" and whilst learning a language per se is challenging â€" is it true?Of course it isn’t! And, really, everyone knows this â€" even those who say it. (Probably those who say learn Chinese â€" or have struggled to commit themselves to it.)Yet, at the same time, to learn Cantonese â€" and particularly to write Chinese characters â€" does pose a few more challenges than other languages. Maybe this deserv es an ‘of course’ of its own.Whilst those who utter that immortal sentence â€" ‘oh, it’s impossible!’ â€" might be pushing it a bit far, they are onto something. Italian or Polish might be difficult, but they don’t require you to learn a completely different script. And Bulgarian and Greek might require a different alphabet, but at least they have an alphabet.Chinese is different, because the writing system works in a completely different way. But if you’re intending to bother learning Cantonese, you have to put the time in to learn the Chinese script. You don’t have to do it first, but, ultimately, it’s a must.So, let’s have a look at how you can start to write in Cantonese. And once you are done, check out our guide to learning Cantonese vocabulary and tips and tricks to learn Cantonese characters. Practice your written Cantonese in Hong Kong. NingChinese Teacher 5.00 (10) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LorraineChinese Teacher £10/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors YuweiChinese Teacher 4.33 (6) £19/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JoyceChinese Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors NicoleChinese Teacher £60/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors KatyChinese Teacher £16/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors YangChinese Teacher £18/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChengChinese Teacher £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsLearning to Write in Cantonese is Worth All the Effort.Language learning is one of the most rewarding things you can do in life. And learning how to speak a language like Cantonese â€" a language that is so different to our own â€" will be one of your greatest achievements.Whilst no-one said it is easy, it is certainly worth every moment of the struggle. Because learning a language like Canto nese â€" and becoming fluent in an entirely different script â€" will open up so many opportunities for you.For work, love, or friendship, you’ll have another sixty million people in the world with whom you can communicate â€" across Hong Kong and Macau, southern mainland China (such as Guangdong province, where it originated), and the extent of southeast Asia where Cantonese is spoken as a lingua franca.You’ll be able to travel more easily, you’ll understand so much more about Chinese culture, and you’ll have your foot in the door already for when you want to learn Mandarin Chinese.So, yes, of course learning the Cantonese language â€" as well as the script â€" is worth the effort. And you’ll know this full well once you have got to a point at which you are fluent.Speak Cantonese First â€" and then Learn Cantonese Writing.However, if you are starting off with Cantonese, there’s a couple of things you should realise before you start writing. The most important of these i s that it is recommended that you start practising your speaking skills before you move on to learn to write Cantonese. Part of the reason why people struggle so much with Cantonese is that the hardest part of Chinese language learning â€" for Westerners at least â€" is at the beginning. There is so much to learn and all of it is completely alien.Check out our handy guide to learning Cantonese.People tend to crack on straight away, diving deep into all aspects of the language. However, this isn’t exactly necessary â€" and may well be detrimental.Instead, our suggestion is to develop your conversational fluency first â€" whilst leaving the reading and writing on the backburner for a moment. Get to know the language, learn to speak Cantonese a little, learn a bit of Chinese vocabulary, and build your confidence first. Once you have done that you can go ahead and tackle the written elements of Cantonese. If you can write in Cantonese, you can read it!Some Notes Before You Learn How to Write in Cantonese.So, let’s have a look at some of the techniques you can use to develop your writing skills in Cantonese â€" and your knowledge of written Chinese.As you’ll probably know, there are estimated to be some fifty thousand characters in the Cantonese script. In fact, it’s usually information like this that puts people off.Yet, it shouldn’t. Because, as usually happens in these situations, the reality of the situation is much less dramatic than this. In English, we have over 170,000 words, according to some sources â€" and, according to others, more like a million. Yet, people say that, if you know the most common three hundred words, you can understand sixty-five percent of the language.The same goes with Cantonese: out of those fifty thousand characters â€" you’re not going to need more than a thousand to be absolutely sorted initially.Simplified Chinese vs Traditional Chinese.A final word of caution. Cantonese and Mandarin both use Standard Chinese script. However, there’s a difference: whilst Mandarin uses ‘simplified’ Chinese characters, Cantonese uses the traditional Chinese characters. Now, as the name suggests, the simplified Chinese characters used in Mandarin are, well, simplified â€" suggesting that the ones in Cantonese are more complex.This is true, but only the traditional Chinese characters with more than eight strokes are simplified â€" meaning that the majority of the characters you’ll encounter early on will be identical. Learn How to Read Cantonese Before Writing.In any language, the processes of reading and writing are symbiotic. You can’t write if you can’t read â€" just as you can’t speak if you can’t understand.In this sense, in learning Cantonese writing, you should be reading Chinese words, Chinese idioms, and anything you can get your hands on. Practising to read Chinese is practising to write it. So, go check out our article on reading Cantonese before you continue here.Recognition of characters is going to help with your own production of these characters.Check out our guide to learning to read Cantonese! Learn to write in Cantonese yourself!The Radicals.As you’ll have read above, there are supposed to be over fifty thousand different Chinese characters. This is all well and good, but absolutely no one is expecting you to learn them all by heart. Not even Chinese people â€" not even Cantonese native speakers â€" know all of these themselves.Because the key to Cantonese writing is the radicals, the 214 constituent parts of all Chinese characters. These are the key to learn Chinese characters â€" and 214 sounds a lot more manageable than fifty thousand.Start with the most common twenty or thirty radicals â€" and you’ll start to see them everywhere.But let’s now turn to the actual, practical production of your own Chinese characters.How to Write in Cantonese.The uninitiated, to whom Cantonese script is just a selection of shapes, are always struck by the beauty and aesthetic of the characters.Whilst this is very nice, sure, you are going to have to get this out of your head fast wh en you are writing in Chinese. You wouldn’t stop and be struck by the beauty of a ‘Q’ or an ‘M’ now, would you? The same applies to Cantonese: the script is primarily functional â€" and you want your writing of it to be.Chinese Stroke Order.This is why there is such a thing as rules for the strokes â€" the lines that make up the characters â€" in Chinese. Because, yes, the characters can be quite elaborate, and the native speaker would hope to be writing efficiently.Optimising your stroke order improves your Cantonese handwriting, saving you time and making it easier for you to produce the characters neatly. So, listen up to the rules.Top to bottom; left to right.Generally speaking, every time you are copying out a Chinese word or character, your pen should go from top to bottom and from left to right.If the number ‘one’ is a straight horizontal line, write it from left to right. If ‘two’ comprises of two horizontal lines, write the top one first, left to right, an d then the second.Horizontals before vertical.When vertical and horizontal lines cross, always write the horizontal line first.Left diagonal, then right diagonalDiagonal lines from the centre of the character should be drawn on the left first (right to left), then on the right (left to right).Centre before outsideIn characters that are symmetrical vertically, you should draw the centre first and then the outside.Enclosures before contentsIf you are drawing a character with something in a box, draw the enclosure first then fill it.Minor strokes, dots, and character-crossing horizontals lastThis one should be self-explanatory: anything that is small â€" or that strikes through the whole character â€" is to be added last.Shapes and Sizes of Chinese Characters.Watch out when you are writing your Cantonese characters.As we said, they are not supposed to be beautiful, no. However, they are supposed to be legible, regular, and equally sized. Often people write the different radicals that m ake up the character too far apart, so much so that they can appear to be separate characters. Avoid this, by making sure that your characters are all of even sizes.Memorizing Cantonese Characters.Once you have started to write your characters out, you’ll have to start remembering them.Of course, it is going to be slow at first, until you develop your fluency, but that’s absolutely okay; there is no rush.At some point, however, you will have to start learning them by rote. Because repetition is one of the most powerful things for your memory.However, don’t just write them anywhere. Write them on square paper, ensuring that every character is exactly the same size!Read more about learning Cantonese!

Should I Go To University of California, Santa Barbara

Should I Go To University of California, Santa Barbara The tutors behind Varsity Tutors are not just here to teach theyre sharing their college experiences as well. Andrew is a Los Angeles tutor specializing in Algebra tutoring, SAT prep tutoring, Writing tutoring, and more. He graduated from University of California, Santa Barbara in 2011 with a Bachelors degree in Environmental Science. See what he had to say about his school: VT: Describe the campus setting and transportation options.How urban or safe is the campus?Are there buses or do you need a car/bike? Andrew: UC Santa Barbaras natural setting is, in my opinion, surpassed by very few campuses in the world. Its set on limestone bluffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, and the south-facing coastline makes for mild weather year round. Its also less than an hours drive from prime hiking and camping spots just north of campus in the Santa Ynez Mountains. The campus itself is set about 10 miles north of the center of the City of Santa Barbara in a small town environment, and is attached to the small but dense student community of Isla Vista, where a large percentage of students live. Its right on the beach! As far as safety goes, its wise to take precautions at a school this big, and there are campus security officers who will escort you on campus. Transportation options are easy and varied. UCSB is an extremely bicycle-friendly campus, and the hordes of cyclists on the miles of campus bike paths are one of the first things youll notice when visiting campus. Almost everything youll needgroceries, entertainment, classes--is a short bike ride away, and every UCSB student can ride a Santa Barbara MTD bus for free, and you can even carry your bike onto the bus with you. VT: How available are the professors, academic advisers, and teaching assistants? Andrew: Professors are generally fairly available, but are often swamped, juggling research, teaching, and other commitments. I have found the professors I interacted with to be very friendly and eager to talk to students, but there is sometimes a wait. My experience with TAs is that they have been universally very easy to reach, and though teaching ability may vary, theyre always there to help out. My academic adviser was a very busy man, but I was able to get an appointment the few times I really needed help. As with any larger school, it helps to be the first one in the door, so plan ahead if at all possible. VT: How would you describe the dorm life rooms, dining options, location, socialization opportunities with other students? Andrew: UCSBs dorms range in style, size, and arrangements. There are high-rise dormitories off campus, low-rises in the center of campus, and apartment-style suites. I lived in a small dormitory community in buildings with 40-60 students each. There are floors for all sorts of affinity groups, and theres a niche for just about everyone. UCSB is known for its social life, and there are definitely students who struggle to maintain a healthy work/play balance. Theres no shortage of opportunities to meet people who share your interestsdorm life was a blast. UCSBs dining options are about average. UCSBs dining services are managed in-house, in contrast to many larger schools who hire a third party to manage campus dining. While this creates lots of opportunities for student employment within the dining services, UCSBs dining options are not the most varied or flexible. Students in the dorms will get a fixed number of meals per week, which can only be used at the dining halls during meal hours. Fortunately, the quality of food is generally excellent. VT: Which majors/programs are best represented and supported?What did you study and why? Did the university do a good job supporting your particular area of study? Andrew: UC Santa Barbara is well known for its school of Engineering and its programs in Physics and Biological Sciences. After a year of being undeclared, I fell in love with the Environmental Studies program, focusing on Restoration Ecology, and never looked back. The Environmental Studies program at UCSB is extremely popular and highly ranked, and has a long historyit was one of the first environmental studies programs in the nation. I really enjoyed the opportunity to study not only biological sciences but also the sociological context that we need to utilize them in. The Environmental Studies program was supported by many environmental organizations on campus and off, and offered lots of opportunities for students in my major to get involved in the community and gain valuable experience. VT: How easy or difficult was it for you to meet people and make friends as a freshman? Does Greek life play a significant role in the campus social life? Andrew: As a freshman, I clicked with the students in my dorm and we were basically inseparable all year. For those not as lucky, there are lots of student groups recruiting for all sorts of activities and interests, so if you come in with an open mind, theyll come find you. There are Greek organizations, but never did I feel that I needed to be part of the Greek system to have a social life at UCSB. VT: How helpful is the Career Centerand other student support services?Do many reputable companies recruit on campus? Andrew: The Career Center and student support services on campus are definitely growing, and it took me a while to learn how to best use all the services offered. The Career Center puts on a quarterly job fair as well as offering services like reviewing your resume and offering practice interviews. For the most part, Ive found that many well-known biotechnology and engineering companies recruit heavily at UCSB. In addition, each department has a job board connecting students to local companies. VT: How are the various study areas such aslibraries, student union, and dorm lounges? Are they over-crowded, easily available, spacious? Andrew: The Davidson Library is the main library at UCSB, and it can get really crowded during midterms and finals. I have vivid memories of walking into the 24-hour study room at 4:00 A.M. during finals week and not being able to find a table! I always loved coming to the library with a study group and staking out a South-facing table on the 8th floor of the library, where we could see the whole campus and get a gorgeous view of the Channel Islands. Isla Vista itself is not bustling with study spaces, but Downtown Santa Barbara has a good variety of cafes and coffee shops for students to set up shop in. VT: Describe the surrounding town. What kinds of outside establishments / things to do are there that make it fun, boring, or somewhere in between?To what extent do students go to the downtown area of the city versus staying near campus? Andrew: Unless you live in Downtown Santa Barbara, life on campus at UCSB is almost inseparable from life in Isla Vista. Isla Vista is home to more than 10,000 students, so once you move out of the dorms, your friends will be very close by. There is a wonderful burgeoning art scene, and the housing cooperatives offer a friendly, inclusive community for those seeking an alternative to house parties and Greek life. Downtown Santa Barbara is just a short bus ride or a scenic bike ride from campus, and its full of interesting history, culture, and great food. Some students will go downtown on weekends, but I would say that in my experience, there was more than enough going on near campus on the weekends to stay busy. Oh, and the beach. Did I mention that UCSB has its own beach? VT: How big or small is the student body? Were you generally pleased or displeased with the typical class sizes? Andrew: The student body at UCSB is pretty largeabout 25,000 students. Lower-level general education classes, like Biology, can be as large as 800 students. As you progress in your academic career, classes get smaller and generally settle in the 15-30 students per class range. Large lecture classes can feel overwhelming and impersonal, but luckily the professors and TAs are pretty accessible. At the end of my senior year, my classes were about 20 students each. Overall its important to be aware of class sizes and be proactive in forming study groups to reinforce the information you need to know. VT: Describe one memorable experience with a professor and/or class. Perhaps one you loved the most or one youregretthe most. Andrew: I had a lot of memorable teachers and experiences at UCSB, but there is one that I credit with jump starting not only my academic interest in environmental work but that also sparked my involvement in the community which I grew to love. That was Dr. David Clevelands World Agriculture, Food, and Population course, which I took the first quarter after deciding to major in Environmental Studies. He was exceedingly passionate about the subject matter, and even more passionate about putting the theory in the classroom to work in the real world. I credit his class with not only helping me break out of my shell and helping me challenge my assumptions about the world, but for putting me on my current career path. I dont have many regrets, except that I didnt take as many language, art, and music classes as I wish I could have! Overall, I had an incredible time at UC Santa Barbara, and believe that succeeding here not only proves a students caliber academically, but also helps you learn to handle distractions better than most. Im proud to be a Gaucho. Ol, Ol, Ol! Check out Andrews tutoring profile. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of Varsity Tutors.

Physics homework help online for college grade is available with ease

Physics homework help online for college grade is available with ease Every phase of life is different from the other and each one has some or the other kind of mixed flavors in it. Some part of our lives is loved by us and some phase is painful and so we pray as for them never to return. School life has its own advantages and disadvantages. Despite huge amount of advantages and disadvantages one grow being a better human being. College life is also about merits and demerits. During our high school days we all dream of enrolling ourselves into a reputed college where we can study well. Some of us even fantasize of having a college life that is visible at our movies, where importance of education is shown less and fun times are more. It is true that school life and college life are poles apart. One cannot subdue the other. In reality, college life is also about having a good time but with studies also. Education is a big thing and we cannot live our life without it. A good career is one of the basic necessities of life so that one can fulfill the other necessities of life. It is important as well as needed. There are two types of students. One is the intelligent part those does not any kind of extra help apart from teachers from school and college. But the other part is the weaker section and they have to come in terms of a good private tutor who will guide them besides what is taught at schools or colleges. The availability of good teachers is now slowing down. Even the teaching professionalism is dragging towards money oriented facilities and one cannot think beyond earning money. Dedication to teach a student to prepare them towards a better tomorrow is taken away. In this situation where scarcity is growing up of a good teacher parents are getting more and more tensed because of the fact that they cannot find any other alternative. Is online tutoring services helpful? You can get a chance to know about the second alternative and that is the online tutoring courses. An online tutoring course is new but is gaining fame with time. You can say this to be the best and the easiest way through which the subjects can be learnt. Every individual student now knows how to handle internet and the entire game of learning is via internet. It is one of the best ways that will reduce your time, energy and expenses largely. Benefits of online tutoring courses They online tutoring courses have a wide variety of benefits that is very much required for any student of the present generation who can access internet easily. • Good teachers are one of the basic benefits that are available with online tutoring courses. The tutoring courses are taught entirely in the easiest manner by the teacher so that the student can understand. The efficient teachers are appointed and thus learning process becomes simple and easy. They first study the student deeply and try to find out that what difficulties the student faces during their interaction with the subject. Then they plan a full strategy so that the student can easily learn and know the subject better way. It decreases the tension and panic that occurs in the mind of the student related with the subject. • The second most important benefit is that the availability of the online teachers is all round the clock. It totally depends on the student as to when and how they will learn. They can attend the classes whenever they want or whenever they have doubts related with the subject. When you can clear your doubts instantly, a sense of interest comes within one to go further with the subject and this only happens with online tutoring facilities. • The third part is that the teachers are efficient enough to teach you any subject that they have proficiency in. but there are certain teachers you can help you to get good marks via your assignments even. Services are there where teachers help you to complete your assignments easily with les time. They even help you with your homework. Completion of your tough homework is also easily available with good reputed institute. • The last but not the least advantage of online teaching is that the online teachers help you individually. It means that you can take up classes in a coaching way even where various students are present and taking up the classes and secondly you can have one-on-one learning process also in which every single student is entertained by every single or individual teacher so that the child can learn better. This way helps the child to come out of the shell and learn in a better and easier manner which is not at all possible amongst all the students. The dedication level is focused towards one child. After so much of knowledge I do not think that you have any other doubt with what is online teaching and how much it is important. Now the second questions that may arise within you is that where will you find a good institute who will help you with the benefits that are listed above. So, for this question even I have a solution and that is you can check on the site of TutorPace. Is TutorPace helpful? If you are asking this questing that is TutorPace helpful, then I must say that it is useful and the best institute in the present time. It is one of the reputed institutes with the kind of services it provides and the qualified teachers it has for teaching. The rates charged for each service is very less and thus it is enjoyed by every parent. A middle class family also can afford the amount that is charged for teaching. It has teachers for helping school students and it also has availability of good teachers for college goers as well. TutorPace is famous for one service of it and that is Physics homework help online for college grade.

Where to Look for High School Internship Opportunities

Where to Look for High School Internship Opportunities Where to Look for High School Internship Opportunities Whats a great way for your teen to gain valuable experience, explore college majors and careers, strengthen their resume and develop responsibility? An internship! Internships help students learn more about industries or fields of interest, meet professionals to whom they can turn as mentors in the future and most importantly, gain real world experience. Here are five tips on where to start as you and your high school student look for internship opportunities: Start at the guidance counselors office The high school guidance counselors office is a great place to begin the search for internships, as it may have a current listing of opportunities and programs available in the area for students. Check out organizations headquarters Headquarters of large corporations often have summer internship programs for high school students. If you have relatives in a major metropolitan area with whom your teen could stay for a summer, consider exploring companies outside of your hometown. In Menlo Park, California, Facebook offers a summer high school internship program. In Washington, D.C., there are internship programs at organizations such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institutes of Health and the Library of Congress, to name a few. In San Francisco, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission has a high school internship program for students interested in the field of transportation. Explore companies and organizations in your area.What companies are in your town or city? Look at their websites to see if they list internships. If companies that interest your teen dont seem to have anything formal in place, they still might consider hiring a hard working student who wants to learn their business. If your teen is interested in a particular field or type of company, encourage him or her to send out cover letters and resumes to a top 10 list of organizations. Many companies respond positively to students who take such initiative, and even if they dont have a posted position, they might create one for an eager student who takes initiative. Check out colleges.Community colleges and four-year colleges and universities are great places to look for internships. Stanfords School of Earth Sciences has a number of different summer internship programs for high school students. Pennsylvania State University offers many different summer programs. The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonios summer program exposes high school students interested in health careers to medical and biomedical research. Rutgers Universitys New Jersey Medical School has a high school intern research exposure program. Explore the colleges in your state for programs for high school students. Look for volunteer opportunities.If your teen strikes out in his or her search for internships, an alternate route could be to volunteer. Many organizations that dont have the budget to pay interns might still be willing to take on an unpaid intern or volunteer for a few hours a week. A company may have your teen start out shadowing some of its employees, but the exposure to the industry and individuals roles within it will be valuable no matter what. With college admissions becoming more competitive, internships can help high school students set themselves apart from their peers. Not only that, students can try out careers of interest, gain great experience and increase their professionalism. With some effort, your teen can find a great internship that will build their resume and help him or her gain new skills. About Huntington Huntington is the tutoring and test prep leader. Its certified tutors provide individualized instruction in reading, phonics, writing, study skills, elementary and middle school math, Algebra through Calculus, Chemistry, and other sciences. It preps for the SAT and ACT, as well as state and standardized exams. Huntington programs develop the skills, confidence, and motivation to help students succeed and meet the needs of Common Core State Standards. Founded in 1977, Huntingtons mission is to give every student the best education possible. Learn how Huntington can help atwww.huntingtonhelps.com. For franchise opportunities please visitwww.huntingtonfranchise.com.

Business Glossary

Business Glossary How-to play the English-French Business Vocabulary Card Game Business_vocabulary_translation_card_gameDownload Download the PDF of the business vocabulary cards above and print double sided copies from page 2 onward. In groups of three or four, place the pack of cards on the table in the middle with the cards face down. Player one picks up a card and reads the French clue. The other players try to guess the English word. The first player to guess correctly gets the card. Play continues to the left (clockwise). The person with the most cards after twenty minutes of play is the winner. Listening resources The Best Business CareersA day in the life: Small Business OwnerA day in the life: Business Valuator Reading resources Careers in BusinessA Business Students Hypertext Narrative Grammar resources Online ESL grammar checker Vocabulary List accelerated benefitsProvision in some life insurance policies that allows the policy holder to receive (in part or in full) the face amount of the policy before death, such as in case of serious illness or injury requiring long-term care. Also called living benefits. accountA register of financial transactions for securely and quickly providing frequent access to funds on demand, through a variety of different channels. accountantA person concerned with the maintenance and audit of business accounts and the preparation of consultant reports in tax and finance. accountingA detailed report of the financial state or transactions of a person or entity. actuaryA person who compiles and analyzes statistics and uses them to calculate insurance risks and premiums. administratorOne who administers, especially one who works as a manager in a business, government agency, or school. agentA person who does business for another person agreementA negotiated and usually legally enforceable understanding between two or more parties. amortizationThe process of decreasing an amount over a period. When used in the context of a loan, amortization is the process by which your loan principal decreases over the life of your loan. amountA quantity of something, typically the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent. annual reportA document reporting to stockholders on management and operations and containing fiscal information, published yearly by a publicly held corporation as required by federal law. appointmentAn agreement to meet with someone at a particular time. assetAnything tangible or intangible that is capable of being owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value. associate A person united with another or others in an act, enterprise, or business; a partner or colleague. auditorA person appointed and authorized to examine accounts and accounting records, compare the charges with the vouchers, verify balance sheet and income items, and state the result. averageThe result obtained by adding several quantities together and then dividing this total by the number of quantities; the mean. balance sheetA statement of the financial position of a business on a specified date. bankingThe business carried on by a bank or a banker. bankruptDeclared in law unable to pay outstanding debts. bankruptcyA legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor. benchmarkingComparing ones products to those of competitors in order to improve quality and performance. benefitsA payment made or an entitlement available in accordance with a wage agreement, an insurance policy, or a public assistance program. bill of ladingA document issued by a carrier to a shipper, listing and acknowledging receipt of goods for transport and specifying terms of delivery. bondA debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (corporate or governmental) that borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a fixed interest rate. bookkeepingThe activity or occupation of keeping records of the financial affairs of a business. brandA category of products that are all made by a particular company and all have a particular name. break evenThe point in a business venture when the profits are equal to the costs. brokerA person who buys and sells goods or assets for others. budgetAn estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time. businessA person, partnership, or corporation engaged in commerce, manufacturing, or a service; profit-seeking enterprise or concern. business analyst The individual who looks closely at a company or departments operations to find where the areas of weaknesses are, and helps develop solutions to overcome those weaknesses. business cardA small card printed or engraved with a persons name and business affiliation, including such information as title, address, and telephone number. business lawCommercial law, also known as business law, is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade, and sales. business plan Set of documents prepared by a firms management to summarize its operational and financial objectives for the near future (usually one to three years) and to show how they will be achieved. It serves as a blueprint to guide the firms policies and strategies, and is continually modified as conditions change and new opportunities and/or threats emerge. When prepared for external audience (lenders, prospective investors) it details the past, present, and forecasted performance of the firm. And usually also contains pro-forma balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, to illustrate how the financing being sought will affect the firms financial position. business proposalA business proposal is a written offer from a seller to a prospective buyer. calculationA mathematical determination of the size or number of something. calculatorSomething used for making mathematical calculations, in particular a small electronic device with a keyboard and a visual display. capitalWealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing. capitalizeTo use as or convert into capital. cash dispenserAutomatic machine from which a bank customer can withdraw money. cash flowThe amount of money the company has on hand to pay of its operating expenses. chain storeTwo or more shops or outlets that have the same owner and sell similar lines of merchandise. civil servantA member of the civil service. clear my deskTo get work finished. cold callAn unsolicited visit or telephone call made by someone trying to sell goods or services. commodity A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee. communication processThe sharing of meaningful information between two or more people with the goal of the receiver understanding the senders intended message. In business, the effectiveness of a companys internal and external communication process is often very important to its overall success. companyA business organization that makes, buys, or sells goods or provides services in exchange for money. competitorsA rival competitorsAn organization or country that is engaged in commercial or economic competition with others. consumerA person who buys goods and services. contractA formal agreement between two or more parties. A document that states the terms of such an agreement. The branch of law treating of contracts. contractorA person who is hired to perform work or to provide goods at a certain price or within a certain time. cooperativeA farm, business, or other organization that is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits. coreThe basic or most important part. corner office A corner office is an office that is located in the corner of a building. corporationAn association of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members. See also municipal corporation, public corporation. costTo estimate the price of making a product. creditThe ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future. credit accountAn account which a customer has with a shop which allows him or her to buy goods and pay for them late. cubicleA small partitioned-off area of a room, for example one containing a bed in a dwelling or one containing a desk in an office. currencySomething that is used as a medium of exchange; money. currencyA system of money in general use in a particular country. customerSomeone who buys goods or services from a business. damage injury or harm that reduces value or usefulness. deadlineA time limit, as for payment of a debt or completion of an assignment. debtSomething, typically money, that is owed or due. deduction (taxation) Fixed amount or percentage permitted by taxation authorities that a tax payer can subtract from his or her adjusted gross income to arrive at the taxable income. deficitThe amount by which something, esp. a sum of money, is too small. depositA sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest. depreciationdecrease in value due to wear and tear, decay, decline in price, etc. derivativeThe derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of a quantity which is determined by another quantity. It is a fundamental tool of calculus. developmentThe act or process of developing; growth; progress: child development; economic development. direct investmentEntering a foreign market by setting up assembly or manufacturing facilities in that country. discountTo purchase or sell (a bill, note, or other commercial paper) at a reduction equal to the amount of interest that will accumulate before it matures. distributionThe delivering of products to end-users, inc. advertising, storing etc. dividendA portion of a companys earnings which is paid to the shareholders/stockholders on a quarterly or annual basis. divisionThe action of separating something into parts, or the process of being separated. down paymentGood faith deposit made by a buyer to underline his or hercommitment to complete the deal. downsizingAn important word suggesting that you lay off staff. economyThrifty management; frugality in the expenditure or consumption of money, materials, etc. economy An entire network of producers, distributors, and consumers of goods and services in a local, regional, or national community. economy of scale A proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production. efficientAchieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. employeeA person who works for another in return for financial or other compensation. end-user The person, customer etc who is the ultimate (and so real) user of a product. entrepreneurA person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture. entrepreneurshipThe capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources and capital can produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, and is an essential part of a nations ability to succeed in an ever changing and increasingly competitive global marketplace. equitiesStocks and shares which represent a portion of the capital of a company. evolutionA product of such development; something evolved: The exploration of space is the evolution of decades of research. exchange rateThe ratio at which a unit of the currency of one country can be exchanged for that of another country. exhaustionThe state of being extremely tired. expenditureThe act of expending something, especially funds; disbursement; consumption. expenditure-based budgetBudget based on the cost of goods and services already received and paid for. Financial plan based on the cost of goods and services already received and paid for. See also cost based budget. exponentA quantity representing the power to which a given number or expression is to be raised, usually expressed as a raised symbol beside the number or expression. exportTo ship (commodities) to other countries or places for sale, exchange, etc. facilitySomething created to serve a particular function. factoryA building or group of buildings containing a plant assembly for the manufacture of goods. feeA charge or payment for professional services. feeThe price one pays as remuneration for services. Fees usually allow for overhead, wages, costs, and markup. fileA folder or box for holding loose papers that are typically arranged in a particular order for easy reference. financeThe management of large amounts of money, esp. by governments or large companies. finance charges Total cost of borrowing, including interest charges, commitment fees, and other charges paid by the borrower for availing the loan facility. See also cost of capital. financialA broad term used to describe many aspects of finance or the financial industry, such as financial instruments, financial services, financial institutions, financial advisors, or financial planning. financial accountingA field of accounting that treats money as a means of measuring economic performance instead of as a factor of production. financial analystAn analyst who studies the financial performance of corporations. financial analystSomeone whose job is to study companies’ financial performance, usually inorder to decide which ones to invest in. financial assistanceAssistance given by a company for the purchase of its shares or those of its holding companies. firmA business organization, such as a corporation, limited liability company or partnership. frameworkAn essential supporting structure of a building, vehicle, or object. franchiseAssociation between a manufacturer or wholesaler (franchiser) and an independent business person (franchisee) who buys the right to own and operate a unit in the franchise system. freightgoods transported by truck, train, ship, or aircraft. fundA sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose. gainAn increase, or the act of becoming larger or an increase in profit, price, or value. gainful employmentEmployment situation where the employee receives consistent work and payment from the employer. Gainful employment is most often associated with college graduates who become employed after they graduate as a way to measure or rank the college or university where they received their education and training. general journal where double entry bookkeeping entries are recorded by debiting one or more accounts and crediting another one or more accounts with the same total amount. The total amount debited and the total amount credited should always be equal, thereby ensuring the accounting equation is maintained. get the axeTo get fired. goodwillAn intangible, salable asset arising from the reputation of a business and its relations with its customers, distinct from the value of its stock and other tangible assets. grosswithout tax or other contributions having been deducted. headhunter A person who identifies and approaches suitable candidates employed elsewhere to fill business positions. headquartersA center of operations or administration. imageThe concept or perception of a firm or product held by the general public. importTo bring in (merchandise, commodities, workers, etc.) from a foreign country for use, sale, processing, reexport, or services. incentiveA thing that motivates or encourages one to do something. income taxA tax levied on net personal or business income. income taxesA tax levied on incomes, especially an annual government tax on personal incomes. income taxesTax levied by a government directly on income, esp. an annual tax on personal income. insuranceA practice or arrangement by which a company or government agency provides a guarantee of compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a premium. integralA function of which a given function is the derivative, i.e., which yields that function when differentiated, and which may express the area under the curve of a graph of the function. interestmoney paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt. inventoryA detailed, itemized list, report, or record of things in ones possession, especially a periodic survey of all goods and materials in stock. investment Money committed or property acquired for future income. Two main classes of investment are (1) Fixed income investment such as bonds, fixed deposits, preference shares, and (2) Variable income investment such as business ownership (equities), or property ownership. In economics, investment means creation of capital or goods capable of producing other goods or services. Expenditure on education and health is recognized as an investment in human capital, and research and development in intellectual capital. Return on investment (ROI) is a key measure of an organizations performance. investment fundsA supply of capital belonging to numerous investors that is used to collectively purchase securities while each investor retains ownership and control of his or her own shares. investorSomeone who commits capital in order to gain financial returns. invoiceA list of goods sent or services provided, with a statement of the sum due for these; a bill. joint ventureA way of entering a foreign market by joining with a foreign company to manufacture or market a product or service. labelSmall piece of paper, metal etc on a product giving information about it. labor standardsInternational labor standards refer to conventions agreed upon by international actors, resulting from a series of value judgments, set forth to protect basic worker rights, enhance workers’ job security, and improve their terms of employment on a global scale. launchTo introduce a new product, with publicity etc. lay-offsThe downsizing means that some people may lose their job. leadershipThe individuals who are the leaders in an organization, regarded collectively. The activity of leading a group of people or an organization or the ability to do this. Leadership involves: establishing a clear vision, sharing that vision with others so that they will follow willingly, providing the information, knowledge and methods to realize that vision, and coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members and stakeholders. leader steps up in times of crisis, and is able to think and act creatively in difficult situations. Unlike management, leadership cannot be taught, although it may be learned and enhanced through coaching or mentoring. Someone with great leadership skills today is Bill Gates who, despite early failures, with continued passion and innovation has driven Microsoft and the software industry to success. The act of inspiring subordinates to perform and engage in achieving a goal. legal tenderCurrency that cannot legally be refused as payment. lendTo grant the use of (something) on condition that it or itsequivalent will be returned. let someone goTo fire someone or lay someone off. leverageThe ratio of a companys loan capital (debt) to the value of its common stock (equity). liabilitiesThe financial obligations entered in the balance sheet of a business enterprise. liabilitiesThe debts and obligations of a company or an individual. liability A current obligation of an entity arising from past transactions or events. linear functionIn mathematics, the term linear function refers to two different, although related, notions: ?In calculus and related areas, a linear function is a polynomial function of degree zero or one, or is the zero polynomial. ?In linear algebra and functional analysis, a linear function is a linear map. loan A sum of money lent with interest. logarithmicof, relating to, or expressed in terms of logarithms. loss Excess of expenditure over income or excess of cost over the net proceeds from a transaction. lucrativeProfitable; moneymaking; remunerative: a lucrative business. mail orderThe selling of goods by post. managementThe members of the executive or administration of an organization or business. managementThe process of dealing with or controlling things or people. management strategySkill in managing; executive ability. managerSomeone who is in charge of a business, department, etc. marketAn area where a product or service can be sold. market economyAn economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices. market researchStudy of consumers needs preferences, often for a particular product. marketingis the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling that product or service. maximizingTo increase or make as great as possible. meetingA gathering of people for a particular purpose (such as to talk about business). meeting agendaA written statement of the matters which will be considered at a particular meeting. microeconomicsThe branch of economics that analyzes the market behavior of individual consumers and firms in an attempt to understand the decision-making process of firms and households. microfinanceAlternative term for micro credit. moneyA medium of exchange that functions as legal tender. The official currency, in the form of banknotes, coins, etc, issued by a goverment or other authority. mortgageAgreement by which a bank or building society lends money for the purchase of property, such as a house or apartment. The property is the security for the loan. mortgageeAn entity that lends money to a borrower for the purpose of purchasing a piece of real property. motivateprovide (someone) with a motive for doing something. mutual fundSavings fund that uses cash from a pool of savers to buy securities such as stock, bonds or real estate. negotiationThe act or process of negotiating. night deposit boxA place where you can put money in the bank during off hours. offerTo provide or make accessible. officeA room, set of rooms, or building used as a place for commercial, professional, or bureaucratic work. office automationOffice automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks. operating budgetA detailed projection of all estimated income and expensesbased on forecasted sales revenue during a given period. opportunityA favorable or advantageous circumstance or combination of circumstances. organizationA group of persons organized for a particular purpose; an association. overdraftA deficit in a bank account caused by drawing more money than the account holds. partnerA person who shares or is associated with another in some action or endeavor; sharer; associate. patentA government authority or licence conferring a right or title for a set period, esp. the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention. payTo transfer or give a certain amount of money in return for a purchase. pay a billdefine :to pay a amount of a goods or services we bought pay backTo settle (a debt, obligation, etc.), as by transferring money or goods, or by doing something. paymentThe action or process of paying someone or something, or of being paid. point of saleThe place where a product is actually sold to the public. president( often initial capital letter ) the highest executive officer of a modern republic, as the Chief Executive of the United States. pressureThe burden of mental or physical distress especially from grief, illness, or adversity. priceThe amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something. price analysis Evaluation of bid prices through (1) comparison of submitted bids or quotations, (2) comparison of current quotations with previous quotations for the same or similar items, (3) comparison with own cost estimates, and (4) use of standard measures. prime rate The lowest rate of interest at which money may be borrowed commercially. probabilityThe extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case. productSomething made to be sold; merchandise. product developmentThe process of creating a new product or improving an existing one. productionThe act of producing; creation; manufacture. profitExcess of revenues over outlays and expenses in a business enterprise over a given period of time, usually a year. profitableYielding profit; advantageous or lucrative. project managementThe body of knowledge concerned with principles, techniques, and tools used in planning, control, monitoring, and review of projects. promotionTo further or encourage the progress or existence of. To raise to a higher rank, status, degree, etc. proxyThe authority to represent someone else, esp. in voting. publicitySomething that attracts the attention of the public. purchaseTo get (something) by paying money for it. purchase orderA commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities. purchaserA person who buys something; a buyer. rangeA selection of products sold by a company. rate of changeMomentum and rate of change are simple technical analysis indicators showing the difference between todays closing price and the close N days ago. real estate Land, including all the natural resources and permanent buildings on it. record of taxA compulsory financial contribution imposed by a government to raise revenue, levied on the income or property of persons or organizations, on the production costs or sales prices of goods and services. refundTo give back, especially money; return or repay. representative A person or thing that represents another or others. A person who represents and tries to sell the products or services of a firm. requestTo express a desire for, esp politely; ask for or demand. retailThe sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale. retail saledefines the sale of goods to ultimate consumers, usually in small quantities. retailerA business or person that sells goods to the consumer, as opposed to a wholesaler or supplier, who normally sell their goods to another business. roundAlter (a number) to one less exact but more convenient for calculations. safety deposit boxA box you can rent in the vault of a bank to protect your valuables. salaryA fixed regular payment made by an employer, often monthly, for professional or office work as opposed to manual work. saleThe exchange of goods, property, or services for an agreed sum of money or credit. sales figuresThe value or amount of the total sales of an industrys or companys productsfor a particular period: secretaryA person employed by an individual or in an office to assist with correspondence, keep records, make appointments, and carry out similar tasks. sellerA party that makes, offers or contracts to make a sale to an actual or potential buyer. Also called a vendor senior executivesA long standing and top ranking member of the management of an organization. In the business world, a typical senior executive is well respected within their company and has either been well educated in business matters or has worked their way up through the ranks of their company to gain an extensive range of experience. service An organized system of labour and material aids used to supply the needs of the public: telephone service, bus service. shareThe capital of a company is divided into shares which entitle the owner, or shareholder, to a proportion of the profits. shareA part or portion of a larger amount that is divided among a number of people, or to which a number of people contribute. shareholderAn owner of shares in a company. software packagewritten programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory. speculatorSomeone who buys and sells stocks and shares in the hope of making a profit through changes in their value. spreadsheetA computer program in which figures arranged in the rows and columns of a grid can be manipulated and used in calculations. staffA group of persons, as employees, charged with carrying out the work of an establishment or executing some undertaking. standardAn average level of development or achievement. statementAn abstract of a commercial or financial account showing an amount due. statisticA number that represents a piece of information (such as information about how often something is done, how common something is, etc.). statisticsThe practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities, esp. for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample. stock exchangeA market in which securities are bought and sold. stockbrokerA licensed professional who buys and sells stocks and shares for clients in exchange for a fee called a commission. stockholderOne that owns or holds a share or shares of stock; a shareholder storeA building or room where things are sold. strategyA plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall aim. subscriptionAn agreement to purchase a certain amount ofsecurities, such as stocks. subtractionThe process or skill of taking one number or amount away from another. sumThe total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items superintendent A person who manages or superintends an organization or activity. supplierSomeone who offers goods and services for sale. supplyThe amount of a resource that is available. surveyTo ask (many people) a question or a series of questions in order to gather information about what most people do or think about something taxA compulsory financial contribution imposed by a government to raise revenue, levied on the income or property of persons or organizations, on the production costs or sales prices of goods and services, etc. tax accountingThe management of accounting practices that incorporates tax laws. This type of accounting is regulated by the IRS. tax leviesA Tax levy, under United States Federal law, is an administrative action by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) under statutory authority, without going to court, to seize property to satisfy a tax liability. tax systemA legal system for assessing and collecting taxes. legal system a system for interpreting and enforcing the laws. law, jurisprudence. teamA group of people organized to work together. team based organization (tbo) Non-traditional, innovative work environment relying on teams to achieve its objectives. TBOs major characteristics include (1) mutual trust, (2) employee empowerment in planning, organization, and goal-setting, (3) shared responsibility for self-management, (4) shared accountability for performance, and (5) shared leadership. technologyThe use of science in industry, engineering, etc., to invent useful things or to solve problems. tellerAn employee of a bank who receives or pays out money at a counter. tenderSomething tendered or offered, especially money, as in payment. terms of saleThe delivery and payment terms agreed between a buyer and a seller. the amountThe sum of the principal and interest of a loan. to compete To strive against another or others to attain a goal. tradeThe activity or process of buying, selling, or exchanging goods or services traderInvestor who holds stocks and securities for a short time (minutes, hours or days) with the objective of making profit from short-term gains in the market. Investment is generally based on stock price rather than on an evaluation of the company. traineeA person undergoing training for a particular job or profession. transactionThe act of transacting or the fact of being transacted. transactionSomething that is transacted, esp a business deal or negotiation. treasurerOne who has charge of funds or revenues, especially the chief financial officer of a government, corporation, or association. trendA general direction in which something is developing or changing. trustconfidence in the certainty of future payment for property or goods received; credit: to sell merchandise on trust. underwriterA person or organization that finances something. unionA combination of bankers or capitalists formed for the purpose of carrying out some project requiring large resources of capital, as the underwriting of an issue of stock or bonds. upgradeNewer (and usually more expensive) version of a computer hardware or software, or machine or equipment. valuemonetary or material worth, as in commerce or trade: This piece of land has greatly increased in value. vaultA room or compartment, often built of or lined with steel, reserved for the storage and safekeeping of valuables, especially such a place in a bank. ventureA risky or daring journey or undertaking. viral marketingThe internet version of word-of-mouth marketing email messages that customers pass on to friends. warrantyA written guarantee, issued to the purchaser of an article by its manufacturer, promising to repair or replace it if necessary within a specified period of time. waybillA list of passengers or goods being carried on a vehicle. wholesaleThe sale of goods in large quantities, as for resale by a retailer. withdrawTake money from a bank account. withdrawalThe action of withdrawing something. workloadThe amount of work to be done by someone or something. workshopA room, group of rooms, or building in which work, especially mechanical work, is carried on. year planA year during which plan records are kept. This can be a fiscal or calendar year. yieldThe income return on an investment. Use these glossary items with the Virtual Writing Tutors Target Structure vocabulary checker. How to play the Business Vocabulary Card Game Business_vocabulary_translation_card_gameDownload Download the PDF of the business vocabulary cards above. Print double-sided copies from page 2 onward. In groups of three or four, place the pack of cards on the table in the middle with the cards face down. Player one picks up a card and reads the French clue. The other players try to guess the English word. The first player to guess correctly gets the card. Play continues to the left (clockwise). The person with the most cards after twenty minutes of play is the winner. Recommended Please follow and like us:

Debate of the week Education needs an early start

Debate of the week Education needs an early start According to new research, children growing up in the poorest fifth of families in the UK are already nearly a year behind children from other families in vocabulary tests by the time they are five. The research was published by the Sutton Trust, which aims to promote social mobility through education. In it, 12,500 British five year olds were surveyed with reading and vocabulary tests. The results found that good parenting and a supportive home environment were the most important influencers, with children who benefited from both scoring more highly in their tests. Just under half of children from the poorest fifth of families were read to daily at age 3, compared with 8 in 10 of children from the most affluent families. Often, children find it difficult to catch up after such a poor start and their parents cannot afford private tutors.Whilst at First Tutors, we have sought to make private tutoring as affordable as possible (some of our tutors charge as little as 9 per hour) we acknowledge that it can be difficult, particularly in a recession. That's why we support the principles behind the government's initiative to provide one-to-one tutoring for those struggling the most in class. As most families who have tried tutoring know, one-to-one tuition is a very effective way to learn and the government's funding of this scheme endorses that perspective. But what if tutoring isn't an option? Try reading together as a simple way to get their education off to a great start. If you have small children, try reading to them every day - even if it's just for ten minutes. If you don't have children of your own, why not volunteer to help teach reading at your local primary school?